Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers # Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers #

🧑🏽‍🎓 Learning in Public #

I should point out I am still relatively new to Rust, so you might know of better Rust implementations of the Rust code below. In fact, I would love feedback on how I could improve the Rust code (drop comments below or add pull requests to the demo code repo ). Instead of best practice Rust, this is more of a guide on how to get up and running with Rust Cloudflare Workers, where I share some of the Rust I have learned. That said, I hope you can benefit from the post if you already know Rust, but want to know how to get going with Rust Cloudflare Workers.

📚 Rust Learning Resources #

If you are learning Rust, here are some free resources you might find useful:

• The Rust Programming Language book  — normally just referred to as “The Book” is probably the best starting point. Available online as a number of chapters, it offers a gentle introduction to Rust. Also try Rust by Example , to help push home concepts in the Book, especially if you prefer a more hands-on approach to learning.
• Rustlings  — a collection of small exercises you can run through to improve your Rust. Consider this if you prefer a more practical approach to learning, rather than reading the book.
• Rust Cookbook  — you will probably use this differently to the other two resources. Rather than work through from start to finish, it is quite handy to dive in to a particular area you need for a problem you are looking at, which you have not yet seen in Rust.

If you prefer videos, Chris Biscardi  is behind Rust Adventures  which provides another avenue to learning Rust. You can access much of the content for free. Chris is very knowledgable in Rust and I have, in fact, picked up quite a bit from his blog posts.

🧱 Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers: What we’re Building #

We will start by scaffolding the new Rust Cloudflare Worker, setting up all the necessary tooling. Once we have our hello, world running, we add a router with a health check route. Adding more features, we learn a little more about use Rust with Workers, wrapping up with a final message API route which can listen for and parse JSON POST requests.

⚙️ Rust Setup #

You can set up Rust with Homebrew or other package managers. Rust’s recommended approach  though, is to install from the Terminal from their script:

    
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

  

This installs rustup, which manages your Rust installation. You could use the following command to update your Rust tooling (when the next release is available, for example):

    
rustup update

  

For now, we want to be able to cross-compile Rust code into WASM, and will use rustup to add the tooling, locally for us:

    
rustup target add wasm32-unknown-unknown

  

🔧 Serverless Rust Cloudflare Worker Setup #

Clone the Cloudflare Rust Worker template using pnpm :

    
pnpm dlx wrangler generate \
    getting-started-rust-cloudflare-workers \
    https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-sdk/templates/experimental/worker-rust

  

You should now have a new getting-started-rust-cloudflare-workers directory containing:

• src/lib.rs: your Rust worker source file
• Cargo.toml: Rust’s package meta file (analogous to Node’s package.json)
• package.json: Node package.json file with worker development and deploy scripts
• wrangler.toml: the Wrangler config

📦 Package Meta #

Start by customizing the Cargo.toml for our project:

    
1 [package]
2 name = "my-rust-cloudflare-worker"
3 version = "0.1.0"
4 edition = "2021"
5 authors = ["Robert Fullman <[email protected]>"]
6 description = "My first Rust Cloudflare Worker"
7 repository = "https://github.com/example-profile/my-rust-cloudflare-worker"
8 license = "BSD-3-Clause"

  

Currently, the template does not include the last four lines shown, but you may like to include them, to follow best practice (adapting to suit your needs). Also, update the name field to match the project name.

🖥 Dev environment #

To install Wrangler locally, within the project, from your project directory, run the command:

    
pnpm install

  

Wrangler is Cloudflare’s worker tooling. Fire up the dev environment from the Terminal:

    
wrangler dev

  

Cargo will compile the code in src/lib.rs. This will be a little slow this first time. When compilation completes, you will see a message like Listening on 0.0.0.0:8787 in the Terminal. With Wrangler running, you can jump to your browser by pressing the B key, or alternatively typing `http://127.0.0.1:8787` in your preferred browser address bar. Either way, you should get a “Hello, World” message.

🦀 Rust Coding #

It would be nice to get a little log printed to the console on each request. Update the Rust source code in src/lib.rs, adding a logging function:

    
1 use worker::*;
2 
3 fn log_request(req: &Request) {
4     console_log!(
5         "{} - [{}], located at: {:?}, within: {}",
6         Date::now().to_string(),
7         req.path(),
8         req.cf().coordinates().unwrap_or_default(),
9         req.cf().region().unwrap_or("unknown region".into())
10     );
11 }
12 
13 #[event(fetch)]
14 async fn main(req: Request, env: Env, ctx: Context) -> Result<Response> {
15     log_request(&req);
16     Response::ok("Hello, World!")
17 }

  

Refresh the browser, and you should see a little log appear. This is handy for debugging, though in production, you might consider a serverless logging provider for your API, like Logtail.

🚢 Cargo tools #

A feature that sets Rust apart from other languages is the helpfulness of the compiler. Although the code works as it is, try running:

    
cargo check

  

You will get some linting tips! For next-level linting, try Clippy. You won’t see a difference for our short snippet, but generally it will go the extra mile in helping you write more idiomatic Rust.

    
rustup component add clippy
cargo clippy

  

The first command is a one-off piece of setup, installing Clippy, if it is not already on your system.

Finally, here is another tool in the Rust tool chain; this time for formatting your code:

    
cargo fmt

  

🛣️ Adding Some Routes #

For an API, you will, typically, need more than a single route. We can set up the typical health_check route on a router for our worker:

    
13 #[event(fetch)]
14 async fn main(req: Request, env: Env, ctx: Context) -> Result<Response> {
15     log_request(&req);
16     let router = Router::new();
17 
18     router
19         .get("/health_check", |_, _| Response::ok("OK"))
20         .run(req, env)
21         .await
22 }

  

Router here comes from the worker crate . We do not need to import it explicitly as, in line 1 of src/lib.rs, we bring all structs from worker into scope.

🍃 Environment Variables #

Rust procedural macros provide syntactic sugar for common tasks. Let’s see a couple here. First, we can extract meta from the Cargo.toml file using the env! macro. The current package version will be handy if you are putting together the API docs, for example. Access the package version using CARGO_PKG_VERSION:

    
13 #[event(fetch)]
14 async fn main(req: Request, env: Env, ctx: Context) -> Result<Response> {
15     log_request(&req);
16     let router = Router::new();
17 
18     router
19         .get("/health_check", |_, _| Response::ok("OK"))
20         .get("/api-version", |_,_| {
21            let version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
22            Response::ok(format!("API version: {version}"))
23         })
24         .run(req, env)
25         .await
26 }

  

Notice, we used format! (another procedural macro) to build the response using an interpolated string.

📮 POST Requests #

We have only looked at REST GET requests so far. Let’s create a basic message route, listening for JSON POST requests. If you are just starting out in Rust, you will quickly find one of the most useful crates (Rust packages) is Serde (a contraction of serialize and deserialize). We will use it here to parse the JSON request body, and you will find there are YAML and plenty of other alternatives.

Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers: adding Dependencies #

To add a crate to your project, you just update Cargo.toml, including the version number for the crate:

    
17 [dependencies]
18 serde = "1"
19 worker = "0.0.15"
20  
21 # TRUNCATED...

  

Currently, cargo fmt will format Rust source only and not Cargo.toml, but you can install and configure the dprint code formatter  (written in Rust) if you want that formatted too:

    
cargo install --locked dprint

  

Rust derive Procedural Macros #

Serde uses a derive macro; this is a different type of Rust procedural macro  to env! and format! function-like procedural macros seen earlier. derive macros again provide syntactic sugar; under the hood, our convenient, clean code will get re-written, by Serde, to something more verbose and a little unwieldy!

To bring the Serde Deserialize macro into scope, add this line at the top of src/lib.rs:

    
1 use serde::Deserialize;
2 use worker::*;

  

Next, with Rust being a typed language, we want to define the types for the JSON data we are expecting to receive. Add this struct in src/lib.rs defining the Message:

    
14 #[derive(Deserialize)]
15 struct Message {
16     name: String,
17     email: String,
18 
19     #[allow(dead_code)]
20     message: String,
21 }

  

In production code, we would use message as well as name and email. However, here we just do a quick console log. The line: #[allow(dead_code)] is an instruction to Cargo linting tools to ignore the fact that message exists on the Message struct, but is never used.

If you are curious to see what the expanded derive macro code looks like, set up and run the cargo-expand tool . This uses some unstable Rust features, so run rustup toolchain install nightly --allow-downgrade to make the nightly toolchain available locally before running cargo expand for the first time.

POST Route Code #

Finally, add a POST route to the main function, to listen for messages:

    
23 #[event(fetch)]
24 async fn main(req: Request, env: Env, _ctx: Context) -> Result<Response> {
25     log_request(&req);
26     let router = Router::new();
27 
28     router
29         .get("/health_check", |_, _| Response::ok("OK"))
30         .get("/api-version", |_, _| {
31             let version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");
32             Response::ok(format!("API version: {version}"))
33         })
34         .post_async("/message", |mut req, _| async move {
35             let Message { name, email, .. } = match req.json().await {
36                 Ok(value) => value,
37                 Err(_) => return Response::error("Bad request", 400),
38             };
39             console_log!("New message from {name} ({email})");
40             Response::ok(format!("Thanks {name}, we'll be in touch!"))
41         })
42         .run(req, env)
43         .await
44 }

  

We use a console_log! macro provided by the worker crate to print the message to the console. In general, in Rust code, you will use println! or dbg!  instead. Be careful no to log Personal Identifiable Information (PII), and be sure to comply with legal requirements. We only include the fictitious email here to demonstrate Rust features. Be sure to protect any real user data you work with. You might consider using the secrecy crate for such private data , which will help you obfuscate PII, by default, and opt-in to reveal the data to authorized users.

💯 Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers: Check your Work #

You can check this new POST route work by sending a message using curl in a separate tab:

    
curl http://localhost:8787/message \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
	"name": "Margaret Falls",
	"email": "[email protected]",
	"message": "Hello, everybody!"
}'

  

🙌🏽 Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers: Wrapping Up #

We have learned all about getting started with Rust Cloudflare Workers in this post. More specifically, we have seen:

• how to set up Cloudflare Rust worker tooling;
• how you can create a Rust worker API router; and
• some worker features like console_log.

The Getting started with Rust Cloudflare Workers demo code is in the Rodney Lab GitHub repo .

I hope you found this article useful and am keen to hear where you will go next, as well as potential improvements, both to the Rust code and explanations above.

🏁 Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers: Summary #

How do you spin up a new Rust Cloudflare Workers project? #

Before getting started with Rust Cloudflare Workers, you need to have the Rust toolchain (rustup) set up on your machine. You will also need a Cloudflare account (which is free to sign up for). With those preliminaries out of the way, use the `pnpm dlx wrangler generate` command from the Terminal to create a project. Try https://github.com/cloudflare/workers-sdk/templates/experimental/worker-rust as your template. You will also need to run `pnpm install` from the new project directory. This will install Wrangler, which is worker tooling. You can run pnpm dev to spin up a test server. The project will include the wrangler config in wrangler.toml, project config in Cargo.toml and some skeleton Rust code in the src directory.

Can you access Cargo.toml fields from your Rust code? #

Yes! As an example, you might want to get the current version of the project, as defined in the `package.version` filed of `Cargo.toml`. To access that field from Rust source, use the env marco: `let version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");`. Other available fields include `CARGO_PKG_NAME` and `CARGO_PKG_DESCRIPTION`.

How can you console log or println from a Rust Cloudflare Worker? #

Typically, when writing Rust code, the println and dbg macros are useful, for printing messages to the console and debugging issues. Because Rust Cloudflare worker code compiles to WASM, these two procedural macros will not work as expected. When working in WASM, you can define your own console_log macro with a mapping to JavaScript’s console.log. Luckily, the worker crate, used in Rust Cloudflare workers includes such a macro, and you can log by calling `console_log!`. The arguments will be just like the ones you are already familiar with from Rust’s `println!`.

🙏🏽 Getting Started with Rust Cloudflare Workers: Feedback #

Have you found the post useful? Would you prefer to see posts on another topic instead? Get in touch with ideas for new posts. Also, if you like my writing style, get in touch if I can write some posts for your company site on a consultancy basis. Read on to find ways to get in touch, further below. If you want to support posts similar to this one and can spare a few dollars, euros or pounds, please consider supporting me through Buy me a Coffee.

Rodney

@askRodney

Just updated the post on using Cloudflare Workers with Rust; nice for learning 🦀 Rust, writing small serverless modules.

Hope you find it useful!

#learnrust #askRodneyhttps://t.co/q90C6M226z

— Rodney (@askRodney) June 12, 2023

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